Traces of the original use remain in phrases like "I hacked together a solution." Hacker Classifications Over time, the term came to refer to a person who breaks into computing systems.
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In this controversy, the term hacker was originally used by computer programmers to refer to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, or someone who writes code very skillfully and solves difficult problems. There is a longstanding controversy about the term's true meaning. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, challenge, recreation, or to evaluate system weaknesses to assist in formulating defenses against potential hackers. (Original text from Wikipedia, edited and expanded by Sofia Lemons.)Ī hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network. These acts of cyber-war can have impacts in the real world, for real humans, and could potentially lead to armed conflict if a government perceives it as a serious enough threat. Sometimes nations end up in conflict in ways that span the Internet, as nations engage in cyber-warfare with each other. Sometimes even the severity with which an illegal act would be punished or the way in which the case would be made varies between countries. When the nations do not cooperate with each other or when the act was not illegal in the user's country, it can cause difficulty for the other nation to prevent or punish such law-breaking. For instance, a user may commit an act, publicize information, or offer a service over the Internet which is illegal in one of the nations which the Internet reaches. There are often tensions that arise between these countries over Internet activity. While the Internet has no borders, the countries in which users live do have borders and differing legal systems. Many organizations have great interest in protecting their data and systems, and engage with hackers to test those systems and improve upon them before a real attack occurs. Because the design behind the Internet centered around openness and communication, security is often implemented in response to situations that arise rather than being the starting point. Others, like hacking, are almost or entirely exclusive to the Internet. Many crimes, such as identity theft, are more prevalent on the Internet. The technology behind the Internet is far from perfect and its uses are not always peaceful and harmless. Chapter 6: Crime, Hacking, and Cyber-Warfare Chapter 6: Crime, Hacking, and Cyber-Warfare 6.1: Introduction
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